We have used a lot of terms in the study of ecology. Watch the short video on niche and communities then read over the glossary of other terms. Try the test at the end. Chose a word from a list beside each question that best fits the description.
Brief glossary of other terms you have met:
Communities: all organisms found in a particular area
Scavengers:
Ecology:The study of relationships between organisms
Herbivores: Eat plants only
Adaptations: features of a species which enable members to survive and produce offspring
Carnivores: eat animals only
Decomposers. Organisms such as bacteria which break down dead bodies of other organisms
Parasites: Feed off living organisms
Ecosystems; Study of interactions between the community and the physical environment. Focus on energy flow
Population: The study of groups of organisms belonging to the same species, e.g.the brown crabs in the mangroves at Rutherford
Consumers: Eat other organisms
Environment: Factors which can affect a species, physical and biotic.
The curved flight path of a spinning ball was first noticed by Sir Isaac Newton over 340 years ago and not more recently by David Beckham or Roberto Carlos. Newton observed that a tennis ball struck with an oblique racket would curve in flight. Newton explained this phenomenon:“For, a circular as well as a progressive motion…,its parts on that side, where the motions conspire, must press and beat the contiguous air more violently than on the other, and there excite a reluctancy and reaction of the air proportionably greater.” In 1686, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published. Newton set up the first mathematical system to describe the dynamics of the universe. However, he still could not explain the curved flight path from his three basic laws of motion.
If Newton found it so hard it would be unreasonable to expect David and Roberto to offer an explanation for their ability to move a football in flight. The effect takes its name from Gustav Magnus the German physicist who investigated it. Later on Bernoulli also determined that as speed of a fluid is increased, its pressure decreases as stated in his famous Bernoulli’s Principle. Later on people who were playing golf found out that rough balls actually traveled farther than smooth balls.
Newton’s laws of Motion can be applied to a football in flight. They describe the relationship between the forces acting on a body and its motion due to those forces.His three laws do not have an exact wording but loosely they can be stated:
First law: If an object experiences no net force, then its velocity is constant: the object is either at rest (if its velocity is zero), or it moves in a straight line with constant speed (if its velocity is nonzero).
Second law: The accelerationa of a body is directly proportional to the net forceF acting on the body, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the massm of the body, i.e., F = ma.
Third law: When a first body exerts a force F1 on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force F2 = −F1 on the first body. This means that F1 and F2 are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
The Assignment: The science behind bending a ball in flight
Watch both videos carefully then:
Complete your own research on the Magnus effect
prepare a presentation to help train the first XI in the art of bending a soccer ball in flight predictably.
comment on the difference in technique between Roberto Carlos and David Beckham.
Aspects could include discussion of the following:
The relevance of the equations used in your level 1 science course to the bending of a soccer ball in flight
How to bend the ball to the left or the right
How to bring a ball down more quickly with a greater force than it would experience under gravity alone. (do you bend the ball around a defensive wall or lift it over and bring it down quickly so that it doesn’t clear the wall and the crossbar?)
You may want to make your own video of a ball in flight and look at the slowmo to determine direction of spin
Players often have a best foot. How would you chose who will take corner kicks
The mechanics achievement standard AS90940 should be straightforward providing that you practise the basic equations. These equations are given to you at the start of the paper. You don’t have to remember them. You DO however need to rearrange them to solve for different variables. Here are some equations from this standard for you to practise with.
Here are the bullet points from the achievement standard that tell us what work we have to cover in distance and speed calculations.
Aspects of mechanics will be limited to a selection from the following: • Distance, speed, interpretation of distance and speed time graphs, average acceleration and deceleration in the context of everyday experiences such as journeys, sport, getting going. The relationships v = Δd/Δt. a=Δv/Δt. • Mass, weight and the acceleration due to gravity, balanced and unbalanced forces, in the context of everyday experiences such as being stationary, moving at constant speed, accelerating. The relationship Fnet = ma. • Force and pressure in the context of everyday experiences. The relationship P = F/A. • Work and power, gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy, and the conservation of mechanical energy in free fall situations in the context of everyday experiences such as sports performance, dropping things, tossing balls. The relationships ΔEP = mgΔh EK = 1/2mv2 W = Fd P = W/t.
Homework.
Tackle the worksheet on basic speed calculations. You need to be confident of this before you go any further.
Welcome to Rutherford College Level 2 Chemistry. There are a number of behaviours and habits that will lead to success in your studies.
Good attendance.
Purchase your course workbook as soon as you can. If you fall behind with work it becomes increasingly difficult to catch up
Having paid for your workbook don’t leave it gathering dust in your bedroom. Complete all the exercises set. Work completion is the the most effective habit you can adopt. Work completion will guarantee success.
The Chemistry Department has purchased a license for Best Choice. The e-learning interactive tutorials will supplement your school learning and give you immediate feedback on your progress. Again completion of set online work using this resource is crucial if you want to achieve top grades.
Finally there is help if you begin to find it all a bit tough. There will be tutorials before school every Friday if you need assistance with coursework or want extension exercises to help you achieve credits at the excellence level.
The programme.
Flick through the presentation to discover the what and the when of the course.
